On July 22, 2022, agreement signed for Ukrainian grain export through Black Sea. UN and Turkey mediation.
Problem: Russia blocks Ukrainian ports since February 24, 25 million tons of grain blocked. Global food crisis, prices skyrocketing. Ukraine is one of world's largest grain exporters.
Agreement:
- Opening safe maritime corridor from 3 Ukrainian ports (Odessa, Chornomorsk, Yuzhny)
- Joint coordination center in Istanbul (Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, UN)
- Ship inspections to ensure no weapons
- Guarantee no attacks on ships
- Initial duration: 120 days, renewable
Operation: From August 1, 2022 to July 17, 2023, 1,002 ships departed with 32.9 million tons of grain to 45 countries. Global food prices drop 23%.
End of agreement: July 17, 2023, Russia withdraws unilaterally. Stated reasons: "West doesn't respect part of agreement on Russian fertilizers". Real reason: Russia wants to use grain blockade as diplomatic leverage.
After withdrawal:
- Russia attacks Ukrainian port infrastructure with missiles
- Ukraine opens unilateral "humanitarian corridor" (August 2023)
- Exports reduced but continue via Danube and Romania
Assessment: Partial success. Prevented global famine for one year, but Russia used grain as weapon.