Lysning is an independent analytical project based on open and verifiable sources. Its purpose is not to produce original reporting or intelligence, but to organize, contextualize, and interpret publicly available information in order to make complex geopolitical and informational dynamics more readable, traceable, and comparable over time.

In methodological terms, Lysning applies a documentary open-source intelligence (OSINT) approach focused on the aggregation, cross-verification, and chronological organization of primary institutional sources. The project does not conduct predictive analysis and does not provide real-time battlefield or breaking-news coverage. Its aim is to document events, compare narratives with verifiable data, and highlight long-term trends and informational patterns.

The project relies primarily on institutional documentation, official statements, and established international media, complemented where appropriate by academic research and open-source investigations. Throughout the site, a clear distinction is maintained between documented facts, official attributions, and analytical interpretation, in order to avoid conflation between evidence and assessment.

Lysning does not claim neutrality in an abstract sense. Its analytical framework is grounded in international law and in the principles of the multilateral order. Events are therefore examined not only through strategic or geopolitical considerations, but also in relation to legal responsibility and the consequences of violations of international norms. For this reason, the project does not adopt a realpolitik perspective that treats power dynamics as the sole explanatory factor.

At the same time, Lysning does not present itself as a judicial authority. It does not rely on classified information, nor does it claim to provide definitive attribution where evidence remains incomplete or contested. The limits of open-source analysis are explicitly acknowledged as part of the methodology.

Lysning is an independent, non-commercial initiative. It receives no funding from governments, political parties, or advocacy groups, and is guided by a commitment to transparency, verifiability, and analytical responsibility.

Pacta sunt servanda.

Official documents, reports and institutional pages

Sources
3rd EEAS FIMI Report 2025 - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EEAS-3nd-ThreatReport-March-2025-05-Digital-HD.pdf
Comunicato Consiglio UE sul Rapporto Tagliavini - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/110370.pdf
consilium.europa.eu - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/foreign-information-manipulation/
EDA – Defence Data 2024-2025 - https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/brochures/2025-eda_defencedata_web.pdf
EDA – EU defence spending hits €343 billion - https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2025/09/02/eu-defence-spending-hits-343-bln-in-2024-eda-data-shows
EEAS FIMI - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/information-integrity-and-countering-foreign-information-manipulation-interference-fimi_en
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/information-integrity-and-countering-foreign-information-manipulation-interference-fimi_en)
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EEAS-3nd-ThreatReport-March-2025-05-Digital-HD.pdf)
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fimi_en
EU Council – 17th package of sanctions - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/05/20/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-agrees-17th-package-of-sanctions/
EU Sanctions against Russia - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/
EU Sanctions Explained - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia-explained/
EU – Sanctions adopted following Russia's aggression - https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en
European Commission - REPowerEU - https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en
European Council - EU response to hybrid threats - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/hybrid-threats/
European Council – EU response to Russia's invasion - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-response-russia-military-aggression-against-ukraine-archive/
European Defence Agency – Defence Data Portal - https://eda.europa.eu/publications-and-data/defence-data

Databases, observatories and specialist analysis

Sources
EDMO - Pravda Network - https://edmo.eu/publications/russian-disinformation-network-pravda-grew-bigger-in-the-eu-even-after-its-uncovering/
edmo.eu - https://edmo.eu/publications/russian-disinformation-network-pravda-grew-bigger-in-the-eu-even-after-its-uncovering/)
edmo.eu - https://edmo.eu/publications/
Facta.news - https://facta.news/
facta.news - https://facta.news/)
Formiche.net - https://formiche.net/
formiche.net - https://formiche.net/)
geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/disinformazione-italia/)
Geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/
geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/)
Geopolitica.info - Frammentazione istituzionale - https://www.geopolitica.info/disinformazione-italia/
Il Foglio - https://www.ilfoglio.it/
ilfoglio.it - https://www.ilfoglio.it/)
NewsGuard - https://www.newsguardtech.com/
NewsGuard Italia - Report - https://www.newsguardtech.com/it/special-reports/newsguard-in-italia-progressi-e-collaborazioni/
newsguardtech.com - https://www.newsguardtech.com/)
newsguardtech.com - https://www.newsguardtech.com/it/special-reports/newsguard-in-italia-progressi-e-collaborazioni/)

Official NATO pages and statements

Sources
Allied Land Command – Enhanced Forward Presence - https://lc.nato.int/operations/enhanced-forward-presence-efp
NATO - Finland joins the Alliance - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_212838.htm
NATO - Sweden joins the Alliance - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_222186.htm
NATO – Approach to counter information threats - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_231905.htm
NATO – Countering hybrid threats - https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/deterrence-and-defence/countering-hybrid-threats
NATO – Enhanced Forward Presence - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
NATO – Strategic Concept 2022 - https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/strategic-concepts/nato-2022-strategic-concept

Resolutions, treaties and the ICJ

Sources
Corte Internazionale di Giustizia - Ordinanza del 16 marzo 2022 - https://www.icj-cij.org/case/182
Risoluzione ONU 68/262 - Integrità territoriale dell'Ucraina - https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/455/19/pdf/n1345519.pdf
Risoluzione ONU ES-11/1 - https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n22/293/36/pdf/n2229336.pdf
Testo integrale degli Accordi di Minsk II (ONU) - https://peacemaker.un.org/ukraine-minsk-agreement-2015
Testo originale del Memorandum (ONU) - https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%203007/Part/volume-3007-I-52241.pdf
UN Security Council – DPRK Panel of Experts - https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports
UN Treaty Collection — Budapest Memorandum registration - https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
UNHCR - Crisi rifugiati Ucraina - https://www.unhcr.org/ukraine-emergency.html

OSCE monitoring and documents

Sources
OSCE - Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine - https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine
OSCE - Testo integrale dell'Atto Finale di Helsinki - https://www.osce.org/helsinki-final-act

Security services and counter‑intelligence

Sources
Danish Defence Intelligence – Risk Assessment - https://www.fe-ddis.dk/en/produkter/Risk_assessment/
fe-ddis.dk - https://www.fe-ddis.dk
supo.fi - https://supo.fi
verfassungsschutz.de - https://www.verfassungsschutz.de

National ministries and official sites

Sources
Governo Ceco - Dichiarazione ufficiale - https://www.vlada.cz/en/media-centrum/aktualne/statement-of-the-government-of-the-czech-republic-187049/
Italian Ministry of Environment - Gas diversification - https://www.mase.gov.it/pagina/sicurezza-energetica
Presidenza del Consiglio - Relazioni DIS - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/cosa-facciamo/relazione-annuale
sicurezzanazionale.gov.it - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/cosa-facciamo/relazione-annuale)
sicurezzanazionale.gov.it - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it
Swedish Government - NATO membership - https://www.government.se/government-policy/sweden-and-nato/

Official U.S. departments and documents

Sources
U.S. Department of State - Helsinki Final Act, 1975 - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki
U.S. Department of State – Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund - https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/25-523-Ukraine-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf
U.S. Department of State — Agreement (Ukraine 25-523) + download - https://www.state.gov/ukraine-25-523
U.S. Treasury – Ukraine Reconstruction Fund Agreement - https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0126
White House – America First Trade Policy - https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/america-first-trade-policy/
White House – Report on America First Trade Policy - https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/report-to-the-president-on-the-america-first-trade-policy-executive-summary/
White House – Ukraine Reconstruction Fund Fact Sheet - https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/05/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-secures-agreement-to-establish-united-states-ukraine-reconstruction-investment-fund/

Platforms and EU digital regulation

Sources
about.fb.com - https://about.fb.com/news/category/security/

Gas/energy data and market context

Sources
IEA - Europe Gas Crisis Timeline - https://www.iea.org/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine

Think tanks, OSINT and investigations

Sources
AI Forensics - Meta Political Ads - https://aiforensics.org/work/meta-political-ads
aiforensics.org - https://aiforensics.org/work/meta-political-ads)
aiforensics.org - https://www.aiforensics.org
Atlantic Council - DFRLab - https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/
atlanticcouncil.org - https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/)
Bellingcat - Identificazione unità Buk - https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/06/19/identifying-the-separatists-linked-to-the-downing-of-mh17/
Bellingcat - Vrbětice investigation - https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/04/20/the-gru-agents-who-poisoned-skripal-also-blew-up-a-czech-arms-depot/
Bruegel - European natural gas imports - https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports
Center for Strategic and International Studies - Russia's Buildup - https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-possible-invasion-ukraine
Council on Foreign Relations - Putin's Munich Speech - https://www.cfr.org/blog/putins-munich-speech
Council on Foreign Relations - The Minsk Agreements - https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-are-minsk-agreements
CSIS – Navigating Disruption: Ally & Partner Responses - https://features.csis.org/responses-to-US-foreign-policy/

Journalistic reporting

Sources
BBC - Cronologia dell'annessione - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082
BBC - Czech Republic explosion linked to GRU - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56801663
BBC - Russia Ukraine border: What we know about military build-up - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589
Financial Times - Russia's shadow war on Europe - https://www.ft.com/content/russia-shadow-war-europe
Il Post - https://www.ilpost.it/
ilpost.it - https://www.ilpost.it/)
Reuters - Europe on alert for Russian sabotage - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/europe-alert-russian-hybrid-attacks-2024/
Reuters - Finland officially joins NATO - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-formally-joins-nato-russia-threatens-counter-measures-2023-04-04/
Reuters - Nord Stream investigation - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nord-stream-gas-leak-an-attack-says-eus-von-der-leyen-2022-09-27/
Reuters - Sweden officially joins NATO - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/sweden-formally-joins-nato-ending-200-years-neutrality-2024-03-07/
Reuters - Timeline of Russian troop buildup - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-military-build-up-near-ukraine-2021-12-01/
Reuters — Full text memorandum of intent (Apr 18, 2025) - https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/full-text-us-ukraine-memorandum-intent-minerals-deal-2025-04-18/

Local sources and polling

Sources
YLE - Sondaggi opinione pubblica finlandese - https://yle.fi/a/3-12361854

Miscellaneous references

Sources
alliance4europe.eu - https://alliance4europe.eu/russian-influence-doppelganger-june-x-meta)
alliance4europe.eu - https://alliance4europe.eu/)
Arms Control Association – Russia Ends North Korean Sanctions Panel - https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2024-05/news/russia-ends-north-korean-sanctions-panel
Berkeley Goldman School – Trump's 2025 National Security Strategy - https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/news/recent-news/what-trumps-2025-national-security-strategy-reveals-about-the-future-of-u.s-foreign-policy
Carnegie Endowment - Analysis of the Tagliavini Report - https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2015/09/the-still-topical-tagliavini-report
Centre for European Reform - The Helsinki Final Act at 50 - https://www.cer.eu/insights/helsinki-final-act-50-relevant-or-relic
CheckFirst - Influence by Design - https://checkfirst.network/influence-by-design-how-meta-accepted-russian-propaganda-payments-despite-sanctions/
checkfirst.network - https://checkfirst.network/influence-by-design-how-meta-accepted-russian-propaganda-payments-despite-sanctions/)
CNN – Denmark sees US as potential security concern - https://www.cnn.com/2025/12/10/europe/denmark-intelligence-report-intl
Counter Disinformation Network - https://alliance4europe.eu/russian-influence-doppelganger-june-x-meta
Counter Disinformation Network - https://alliance4europe.eu/
Database EUvsDisinfo - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/
diplomatie.gouv.fr - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/russia/news/2024/article/foreign-digital-interference-france-detects-a-russian-propaganda-network-12-feb)
diplomatie.gouv.fr - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr
Euronews - French agency uncovers network - https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/13/french-agency-uncovers-pro-russian-propaganda-network
euronews.com - https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/13/french-agency-uncovers-pro-russian-propaganda-network)
EUvsDisinfo - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/
EUvsDisinfo - Doppelganger - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/)
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/)
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/)
IDMO - Italian Digital Media Observatory - https://www.idmo.it/
idmo.it - https://www.idmo.it/)
IIFFMCG - Rapporto completo (Volume I) - https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/HUDOC_38263_08_Annexes_ENG.pdf
Institute for the Study of War – Ukraine Conflict Updates - https://www.iswresearch.org/
ISW – Interactive Map of Russian Invasion - https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375
ISW – Understanding War - https://www.understandingwar.org/
Joint Investigation Team - MH17 Investigation - https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash
Meta Threat Reports - https://transparency.fb.com/threat-indicators/
Ministero Affari Esteri Francia - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/russia/news/2024/article/foreign-digital-interference-france-detects-a-russian-propaganda-network-12-feb
MSMT – Unlawful Military Cooperation DPRK-Russia - https://msmt.info/view/save/2025/05/29/1085cade-a4b1-4405-94c0-7c980c24fd21-Unlawful_Military_Cooperation_including_Arms_Transfers_between_North_Korea_and_Russia_(MSMT_2025_1).pdf
National Security Archive - Budapest Memorandum after 30 Years - https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2024-12-05/budapest-memorandum-1994-after-30-years-non-proliferation
Nordic Times – US cited as threat in Danish report - https://nordictimes.com/the-nordics/us-cited-as-threat-in-danish-intelligence-report/
OHCHR - Civilian casualties report in Ukraine - https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/01/ukraine-civilian-death-toll-14000-over-almost-8-years-conflict-human-rights
RUSI – Russia Funding North Korea's Nuclear Programme - https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-now-actively-funding-north-koreas-nuclear-programme
sgdsn.gouv.fr - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20240212_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_PORTAL-KOMBAT-NETWORK_ENG_VF.pdf)
sgdsn.gouv.fr - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/viginum
Testo integrale del discorso di Monaco (Kremlin.ru) - http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034
transparency.fb.com - https://transparency.fb.com/threat-indicators/)
Viginum Report - Portal Kombat - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20240212_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_PORTAL-KOMBAT-NETWORK_ENG_VF.pdf
Washington Post - Putin's Prepared Remarks at Munich Conference - https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html