Lysning es un proyecto analítico independiente basado en fuentes abiertas y verificables. Su propósito no es producir reportajes o inteligencia originales, sino organizar, contextualizar e interpretar información disponible públicamente para hacer más legibles, rastreables y comparables en el tiempo las dinámicas geopolíticas e informativas complejas.

En términos metodológicos, Lysning aplica un enfoque documental de inteligencia de fuentes abiertas (OSINT) centrado en la agregación, verificación cruzada y organización cronológica de fuentes institucionales primarias. El proyecto no realiza análisis predictivos ni proporciona cobertura en tiempo real de eventos en el campo de batalla o noticias de última hora. Su objetivo es documentar eventos, comparar narrativas con datos verificables y destacar tendencias y patrones informativos a largo plazo.

El proyecto se basa principalmente en documentación institucional, declaraciones oficiales y medios internacionales establecidos, complementados cuando es apropiado con investigación académica e investigaciones de código abierto. A lo largo del sitio se mantiene una clara distinción entre hechos documentados, atribuciones oficiales e interpretación analítica, para evitar la confusión entre evidencia y evaluación.

Lysning no pretende neutralidad en sentido abstracto. Su marco analítico está fundamentado en el derecho internacional y en los principios del orden multilateral. Los eventos se examinan, por tanto, no solo a través de consideraciones estratégicas o geopolíticas, sino también en relación con la responsabilidad legal y las consecuencias de las violaciones de las normas internacionales. Por esta razón, el proyecto no adopta una perspectiva realpolitik que trate las dinámicas de poder como el único factor explicativo.

Al mismo tiempo, Lysning no se presenta como una autoridad judicial. No se basa en información clasificada, ni pretende proporcionar atribución definitiva donde la evidencia permanece incompleta o es disputada. Los límites del análisis de código abierto se reconocen explícitamente como parte de la metodología.

Lysning es una iniciativa independiente y no comercial. No recibe financiación de gobiernos, partidos políticos o grupos de defensa, y se guía por un compromiso con la transparencia, verificabilidad y responsabilidad analítica.

Pacta sunt servanda.

Documentos oficiales, informes y páginas institucionales

Fuentes
3rd EEAS FIMI Report 2025 - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EEAS-3nd-ThreatReport-March-2025-05-Digital-HD.pdf
Comunicato Consiglio UE sul Rapporto Tagliavini - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/110370.pdf
consilium.europa.eu - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/foreign-information-manipulation/
EDA – Defence Data 2024-2025 - https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/brochures/2025-eda_defencedata_web.pdf
EDA – EU defence spending hits €343 billion - https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2025/09/02/eu-defence-spending-hits-343-bln-in-2024-eda-data-shows
EEAS FIMI - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/information-integrity-and-countering-foreign-information-manipulation-interference-fimi_en
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/information-integrity-and-countering-foreign-information-manipulation-interference-fimi_en)
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/2025/EEAS-3nd-ThreatReport-March-2025-05-Digital-HD.pdf)
eeas.europa.eu - https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/fimi_en
EU Council – 17th package of sanctions - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/05/20/russia-s-war-of-aggression-against-ukraine-eu-agrees-17th-package-of-sanctions/
EU Sanctions against Russia - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia/
EU Sanctions Explained - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-russia-explained/
EU – Sanctions adopted following Russia's aggression - https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en
European Commission - REPowerEU - https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en
European Council - EU response to hybrid threats - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/hybrid-threats/
European Council – EU response to Russia's invasion - https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-response-russia-military-aggression-against-ukraine-archive/
European Defence Agency – Defence Data Portal - https://eda.europa.eu/publications-and-data/defence-data

Bases de datos, observatorios y análisis especializado

Fuentes
EDMO - Pravda Network - https://edmo.eu/publications/russian-disinformation-network-pravda-grew-bigger-in-the-eu-even-after-its-uncovering/
edmo.eu - https://edmo.eu/publications/russian-disinformation-network-pravda-grew-bigger-in-the-eu-even-after-its-uncovering/)
edmo.eu - https://edmo.eu/publications/
Facta.news - https://facta.news/
facta.news - https://facta.news/)
Formiche.net - https://formiche.net/
formiche.net - https://formiche.net/)
geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/disinformazione-italia/)
Geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/
geopolitica.info - https://www.geopolitica.info/)
Geopolitica.info - Frammentazione istituzionale - https://www.geopolitica.info/disinformazione-italia/
Il Foglio - https://www.ilfoglio.it/
ilfoglio.it - https://www.ilfoglio.it/)
NewsGuard - https://www.newsguardtech.com/
NewsGuard Italia - Report - https://www.newsguardtech.com/it/special-reports/newsguard-in-italia-progressi-e-collaborazioni/
newsguardtech.com - https://www.newsguardtech.com/)
newsguardtech.com - https://www.newsguardtech.com/it/special-reports/newsguard-in-italia-progressi-e-collaborazioni/)

Páginas y comunicados oficiales de la Alianza

Fuentes
Allied Land Command – Enhanced Forward Presence - https://lc.nato.int/operations/enhanced-forward-presence-efp
NATO - Finland joins the Alliance - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_212838.htm
NATO - Sweden joins the Alliance - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_222186.htm
NATO – Approach to counter information threats - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_231905.htm
NATO – Countering hybrid threats - https://www.nato.int/en/what-we-do/deterrence-and-defence/countering-hybrid-threats
NATO – Enhanced Forward Presence - https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm
NATO – Strategic Concept 2022 - https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/strategic-concepts/nato-2022-strategic-concept

Resoluciones, tratados y CIJ

Fuentes
Corte Internazionale di Giustizia - Ordinanza del 16 marzo 2022 - https://www.icj-cij.org/case/182
Risoluzione ONU 68/262 - Integrità territoriale dell'Ucraina - https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n13/455/19/pdf/n1345519.pdf
Risoluzione ONU ES-11/1 - https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n22/293/36/pdf/n2229336.pdf
Testo integrale degli Accordi di Minsk II (ONU) - https://peacemaker.un.org/ukraine-minsk-agreement-2015
Testo originale del Memorandum (ONU) - https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%203007/Part/volume-3007-I-52241.pdf
UN Security Council – DPRK Panel of Experts - https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1718/panel_experts/reports
UN Treaty Collection — Budapest Memorandum registration - https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280401fbb
UNHCR - Crisi rifugiati Ucraina - https://www.unhcr.org/ukraine-emergency.html

Monitoreo y documentos de la OSCE

Fuentes
OSCE - Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine - https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine
OSCE - Testo integrale dell'Atto Finale di Helsinki - https://www.osce.org/helsinki-final-act

Servicios de seguridad y contrainteligencia

Fuentes
Danish Defence Intelligence – Risk Assessment - https://www.fe-ddis.dk/en/produkter/Risk_assessment/
fe-ddis.dk - https://www.fe-ddis.dk
supo.fi - https://supo.fi
verfassungsschutz.de - https://www.verfassungsschutz.de

Ministerios y sitios oficiales nacionales

Fuentes
Governo Ceco - Dichiarazione ufficiale - https://www.vlada.cz/en/media-centrum/aktualne/statement-of-the-government-of-the-czech-republic-187049/
Italian Ministry of Environment - Gas diversification - https://www.mase.gov.it/pagina/sicurezza-energetica
Presidenza del Consiglio - Relazioni DIS - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/cosa-facciamo/relazione-annuale
sicurezzanazionale.gov.it - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/cosa-facciamo/relazione-annuale)
sicurezzanazionale.gov.it - https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it
Swedish Government - NATO membership - https://www.government.se/government-policy/sweden-and-nato/

Departamentos y documentos oficiales

Fuentes
U.S. Department of State - Helsinki Final Act, 1975 - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinki
U.S. Department of State – Ukraine Reconstruction Investment Fund - https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/25-523-Ukraine-Reconstruction-and-Investment.pdf
U.S. Department of State — Agreement (Ukraine 25-523) + download - https://www.state.gov/ukraine-25-523
U.S. Treasury – Ukraine Reconstruction Fund Agreement - https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sb0126
White House – America First Trade Policy - https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/america-first-trade-policy/
White House – Report on America First Trade Policy - https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/report-to-the-president-on-the-america-first-trade-policy-executive-summary/
White House – Ukraine Reconstruction Fund Fact Sheet - https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/05/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-secures-agreement-to-establish-united-states-ukraine-reconstruction-investment-fund/

Plataformas y regulación digital

Fuentes
about.fb.com - https://about.fb.com/news/category/security/

Datos y contexto de energía/gas

Fuentes
IEA - Europe Gas Crisis Timeline - https://www.iea.org/topics/russias-war-on-ukraine

Think tanks, OSINT e investigaciones

Fuentes
AI Forensics - Meta Political Ads - https://aiforensics.org/work/meta-political-ads
aiforensics.org - https://aiforensics.org/work/meta-political-ads)
aiforensics.org - https://www.aiforensics.org
Atlantic Council - DFRLab - https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/
atlanticcouncil.org - https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/)
Bellingcat - Identificazione unità Buk - https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/06/19/identifying-the-separatists-linked-to-the-downing-of-mh17/
Bellingcat - Vrbětice investigation - https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2021/04/20/the-gru-agents-who-poisoned-skripal-also-blew-up-a-czech-arms-depot/
Bruegel - European natural gas imports - https://www.bruegel.org/dataset/european-natural-gas-imports
Center for Strategic and International Studies - Russia's Buildup - https://www.csis.org/analysis/russias-possible-invasion-ukraine
Council on Foreign Relations - Putin's Munich Speech - https://www.cfr.org/blog/putins-munich-speech
Council on Foreign Relations - The Minsk Agreements - https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-are-minsk-agreements
CSIS – Navigating Disruption: Ally & Partner Responses - https://features.csis.org/responses-to-US-foreign-policy/

Crónica periodística

Fuentes
BBC - Cronologia dell'annessione - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26644082
BBC - Czech Republic explosion linked to GRU - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56801663
BBC - Russia Ukraine border: What we know about military build-up - https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589
Financial Times - Russia's shadow war on Europe - https://www.ft.com/content/russia-shadow-war-europe
Il Post - https://www.ilpost.it/
ilpost.it - https://www.ilpost.it/)
Reuters - Europe on alert for Russian sabotage - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/europe-alert-russian-hybrid-attacks-2024/
Reuters - Finland officially joins NATO - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/finland-formally-joins-nato-russia-threatens-counter-measures-2023-04-04/
Reuters - Nord Stream investigation - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nord-stream-gas-leak-an-attack-says-eus-von-der-leyen-2022-09-27/
Reuters - Sweden officially joins NATO - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/sweden-formally-joins-nato-ending-200-years-neutrality-2024-03-07/
Reuters - Timeline of Russian troop buildup - https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-military-build-up-near-ukraine-2021-12-01/
Reuters — Full text memorandum of intent (Apr 18, 2025) - https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/full-text-us-ukraine-memorandum-intent-minerals-deal-2025-04-18/

Fuentes locales y sondeos

Fuentes
YLE - Sondaggi opinione pubblica finlandese - https://yle.fi/a/3-12361854

Referencias varias

Fuentes
alliance4europe.eu - https://alliance4europe.eu/russian-influence-doppelganger-june-x-meta)
alliance4europe.eu - https://alliance4europe.eu/)
Arms Control Association – Russia Ends North Korean Sanctions Panel - https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2024-05/news/russia-ends-north-korean-sanctions-panel
Berkeley Goldman School – Trump's 2025 National Security Strategy - https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research-and-impact/news/recent-news/what-trumps-2025-national-security-strategy-reveals-about-the-future-of-u.s-foreign-policy
Carnegie Endowment - Analysis of the Tagliavini Report - https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2015/09/the-still-topical-tagliavini-report
Centre for European Reform - The Helsinki Final Act at 50 - https://www.cer.eu/insights/helsinki-final-act-50-relevant-or-relic
CheckFirst - Influence by Design - https://checkfirst.network/influence-by-design-how-meta-accepted-russian-propaganda-payments-despite-sanctions/
checkfirst.network - https://checkfirst.network/influence-by-design-how-meta-accepted-russian-propaganda-payments-despite-sanctions/)
CNN – Denmark sees US as potential security concern - https://www.cnn.com/2025/12/10/europe/denmark-intelligence-report-intl
Counter Disinformation Network - https://alliance4europe.eu/russian-influence-doppelganger-june-x-meta
Counter Disinformation Network - https://alliance4europe.eu/
Database EUvsDisinfo - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/
diplomatie.gouv.fr - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/russia/news/2024/article/foreign-digital-interference-france-detects-a-russian-propaganda-network-12-feb)
diplomatie.gouv.fr - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr
Euronews - French agency uncovers network - https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/13/french-agency-uncovers-pro-russian-propaganda-network
euronews.com - https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/13/french-agency-uncovers-pro-russian-propaganda-network)
EUvsDisinfo - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/
EUvsDisinfo - Doppelganger - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/)
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/)
euvsdisinfo.eu - https://euvsdisinfo.eu/doppelganger-strikes-back-unveiling-fimi-activities-targeting-european-parliament-elections/)
IDMO - Italian Digital Media Observatory - https://www.idmo.it/
idmo.it - https://www.idmo.it/)
IIFFMCG - Rapporto completo (Volume I) - https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/HUDOC_38263_08_Annexes_ENG.pdf
Institute for the Study of War – Ukraine Conflict Updates - https://www.iswresearch.org/
ISW – Interactive Map of Russian Invasion - https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36a7f6a6f5a9448496de641cf64bd375
ISW – Understanding War - https://www.understandingwar.org/
Joint Investigation Team - MH17 Investigation - https://www.prosecutionservice.nl/topics/mh17-plane-crash
Meta Threat Reports - https://transparency.fb.com/threat-indicators/
Ministero Affari Esteri Francia - https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/russia/news/2024/article/foreign-digital-interference-france-detects-a-russian-propaganda-network-12-feb
MSMT – Unlawful Military Cooperation DPRK-Russia - https://msmt.info/view/save/2025/05/29/1085cade-a4b1-4405-94c0-7c980c24fd21-Unlawful_Military_Cooperation_including_Arms_Transfers_between_North_Korea_and_Russia_(MSMT_2025_1).pdf
National Security Archive - Budapest Memorandum after 30 Years - https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2024-12-05/budapest-memorandum-1994-after-30-years-non-proliferation
Nordic Times – US cited as threat in Danish report - https://nordictimes.com/the-nordics/us-cited-as-threat-in-danish-intelligence-report/
OHCHR - Civilian casualties report in Ukraine - https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/01/ukraine-civilian-death-toll-14000-over-almost-8-years-conflict-human-rights
RUSI – Russia Funding North Korea's Nuclear Programme - https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russia-now-actively-funding-north-koreas-nuclear-programme
sgdsn.gouv.fr - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20240212_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_PORTAL-KOMBAT-NETWORK_ENG_VF.pdf)
sgdsn.gouv.fr - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/viginum
Testo integrale del discorso di Monaco (Kremlin.ru) - http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/24034
transparency.fb.com - https://transparency.fb.com/threat-indicators/)
Viginum Report - Portal Kombat - https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20240212_NP_SGDSN_VIGINUM_PORTAL-KOMBAT-NETWORK_ENG_VF.pdf
Washington Post - Putin's Prepared Remarks at Munich Conference - https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html